Reflections on the well-being and ethical requirements of researchers and research participants in conducting qualitative fieldwork interviews. Create lists of favorite content with your personal profile for your reference or to share. Because this activity is the final activity in terms of the data treatment, the main research question of the study must be addressed directly. In the next seven chapters (Ex 7-14), the story of Moses and Aaron as Gods mouthpieces to Pharaoh takes place. Interview responses were analyzed using Moussakas' Transcendental phenomenological reduction. Moustakas, Clark. Transl. Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction, Imaginative Variation and Synthesis, Methods and Procedures for Conducting Human Science Research, Business Admin/Accounting Div, Wilkes University, Political Science & International Relations, Research Methods, Statistics & Evaluation, http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html, CCPA Do Not Sell My Personal Information. J. Phenomenol. I. Holloway (Maidenhead: Open University Press), 104124. The research sought to examine the major question and the supplementary questions around which the study revolved, which was the following: What does the experience X look like for the individuals belonging to group Y?. This is accomplished through a comparative study of Pharaohs lived experiences during and after the plagues (Exodus 7 12; 14) and the lived experiences of Saul/Paul before and after his Damascus road encounter (Acts 7 28). (2022), who stressed the advantages of phenomenology in qualitative research (see also Zahavi, 2019a,b). C. Moustakas. WebPhenomenological Research Methodology Applied in a Nursing Context. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Cole, M. (1995). Humanist. Exploring perceived life skills development and participation in sport. From this perspective, what is provided by human consciousness is our social reality, regardless of its internal existence, before we think about it. Stephanie Sheehan is a second-year Ph.D. student at Regent University where she is studying organizational leadership. Harvard University Press. Each step is addressed in further detail in the remainder of the paper. H. P. Rickman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). The eighth plague brought locusts which ate everything left after the death of the livestock and the destructive hail, including every treeso many locusts they would fill every house and cover the face of the earth (Ex 10:1-6). This involves listening to all the recordings several times as well as reading the transcripts several times. Chicago University Press. doi: 10.1080/20797222.2006.11433930. As Exodus opens in Egypt, Joseph has just died (Ex 1:6), the children of Israel were highly favored and blessed, and a new king appeareda king who did not know Joseph (Ex 2:6-7) nor all that he had done for Egypt (Gen 41: 37- 47:26), nor would he have cared. Sci. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. According to Finlay (2006, 2008), exploring and understanding the essential structure and themes of the lived experience encountered by individuals is critical. WebMy Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. (2007). These terms when understood create more value and richness in the study of human experience, yet perhaps are shunned due to a lack of opportunity to apply them in a familiar context. Methods and activities for data collection are flexible, and the analysis is designed to be aligned with the theoretical and philosophical assumptions underlying qualitative research. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Sinha, P. N., Inkson, K., & Barker, J. R. (2012). For Moustakas (1994) and others (e.g., Todres, 2005, 2007), the phenomenological reduction of human experience deals with two dimensions of the experience: texture and structure. Cont. Kuhn, T. (1964). Webthe process of phenomenological reduction. Qual. Grasping and using its philosophical tenets Please save your results to "My Self-Assessments" in your profile before navigating away from this page. Accordingly, aspects that are core to the interviews are the following: (1) general attributes of the conducted interviews, (2) criteria of selection for potential participants, (3) ethical considerations of dealing with human participants, and (4) the interviewing procedures and some examples (these will be presented in section Practising Phenomenology: Methods and Activities). Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012). 28, 235260. Dev. The whole phenomenological qualitative approach process is not description vs. interpretation, since interpretation is inevitably involved in describing and understanding the description of other peoples lived experiences (Langdridge, 2008). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. The fact that women were included in his persecution speaks to the fervor of his acting on his beliefs (Wiersbe, 1989). Webphenomenological reduction, an abstraction process (Sanders, 1982; Cohen, Kahn, & Steeves, 2000; Moustakas, 1994). The underlying assumption is that language, as a mediating tool, shapes participants experience, and it is also a result of experience, and a significant constituent of the epistemological system of a given cultural group. Qual. . Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. 17, 13721380. Phenomenology and wonder, in Phenomenology. 17, 146160. As a result, Moustakas collapses the transcendental into the empirical: he wants to say that the researcher remains present as the person that he or she is, and that he or she has or adds a transcendental consciousness to their personal presence by setting aside biases. Lodico, M., Spaulding, D., and Voegtle, K. (2006). That is because the ideas of phenomenology appeared as a reaction to the scientific positivist philosophical view of knowledge that dominated the philosophy of science. Therefore, to avoid misleading uses of terminology, the suggestion is to use the term data explication, which Groenewald (2004) suggested. Beginning with the fourth plague (flies), God provided even more clarity for Pharaoh by afflicting only the Egyptians and not the Israelites (Ex 8:21-23). 13, 408420. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. 21, 3351. Another reason to use a purposive sampling method is that in qualitative, particularly in phenomenological inquiry, the aim is not to generalise findings to a population but to develop insights and in-depth exploration of an under-researched phenomenon (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2007). Res. This cookie is used to determine a user's inclusion in an experiment and the expiry of experiments a user has been included in. The ninth plague brought darknessdarkness so heavy it could be feltand it lasted for three days (v. 21, 22). This is important for getting a deeper description of the experience because language interacts with thinking and consciousness dialectically. In contrast, an interpretive phenomenological methodology was derived from the works of scholars like Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty (1962), Gadamer (2000), and Gadamer and Linge (2008). A phenomenological qualitative method provides a theoretical tool for educational research as it allows researchers to engage in flexible activities that can describe and help to understand complex phenomena, such as various aspects of human social experience. (1994). Learn. Hourigan, R. M., and Edgar, S. N. (2020). Phenomenology and critical social psychology: directions and debates in theory and research. The unstructured interactive interview: issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. For example, in our past work, such expertise was given by the author being a Saudi citizen who went to study in Australia. I outline key principles of theory and, McCarthy discusses a constructivist research ideology using two phenomenology method variations: eidetic phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology. According to Von Eckartsberg (1972, p. 166) such a mode constitutes the reflective work, looking back and thinking about this experience, discovering meaningful patterns and structures, universal features that are lived out concretely in a unique fashion. J. Nurs. For example, the term can appear in Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger, wherein it has been used to refer to very different concepts (Scott, 1988; Von Eckartsberg, 1989; Husserl and Hardy, 1999; Heidegger and Dahlstrom, 2005; Christofi and Thompson, 2007). Cleaning up the big muddy: A meta-analytic review of the determinants of escalation of commitment. Saul/Pauls noetic framework, based on his quality Jewish upbringing, excellent education, and dual citizenship, led to his noema of entitlement, religious fervor, pride of heritage, and leadership as a Pharisee. In our previous studies, we were interested in describing the cross-cultural experience lived by Saudi students transitioning from their home country to another. Spiegelberg, H., and Schuhmann, K. (1982). Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). After constructing textural descriptions for each participant, it is time to deploy the imaginative variation mode again to search for essential structures that could encompass the entire textural description of the participant: a possible theme that could be the essential structure of the experience of this participantessential in the sense that the experience could not be described without this theme, or themes. Phenomenology and Human Science Research Today. He had the opportunity to set aside his noetic and noematic schemato experience an epoche in order to see things as they really were; however, he did not. The meanings emerged from the research methods and activities, and from this systematic interaction with the participants in this research and from sharing their experience, for example, about our work on students transitioning from their home country to the novel educational social context. This feature is useful when exploring an experience that has not been sufficiently explored and discussed. Figured Worlds: Ontological Obstacles in Intercultural Relations. Blum added that phenomenology seeks to describe and interpret the perspective of the religious subject or the experience that the subject regards as real (p. 1030). The lives of Pharaoh and Saul/Paul share some striking similarities that serve well at providing relevant examples of Hussrels philosophical constructs and the import these have on leader decision-making. Individualism and psychology. 13:785134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134. Denzin, N. K., and Lincoln, Y. S. (2003). J. J. Kockelmans (Lanham, MD: University Press of America), 6780. Sociocultural Studies of Mind. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Spinelli, E. (2005). Phenomenological Psychology: Theory, Research and Method. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Pharaohs were all-powerful in the land (Gen 41:40), and though they kept advisors, the pharaoh was still the decision-maker for the territory under rule. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. So, I was silent most of the time; I did not talk with any one most of the time; and I isolated myself in corner. WebMy Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. Zahavi, D. (2019a). Individual Work Performance Questionnaire Instruction Manual. Crafting Phenomenological Research. Urban Rev. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9433-z, Hffding, S., Martiny, K., and Roepstorff, A. 2nd Edn. Double-sided transformations of culture-bound constituents in William Saroyans cross-cultural domain. Transcendental phenomenology (TPh), largely developed by Husserl, is a philosophical approach to qualitative research methodology seeking to understand human experience (Moustakas, 1994). International Journal of Organizational Analysis (1993 2002), 6(2), 165. Responding to and engaging with previous works that were concerned with the same experience. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Psychol. Repeating the procedure is useful to make sure the content of the interviews is carefully approached: In fact, this process helps the investigator to become familiar with the context of the units of meaning and themes that they sought to extract in the next step. These two approaches overlap in the research methods and activities and are deployed to assist the research by promoting engagement with responsive and improvised activities rather than with mechanical procedures. WebMoustakas starts with discussing different human science perspectives and models. Symb. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisements to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. According to Spinelli (2005, p. 15), We have no idea whether things in themselves truly exist. doi: 10.1177/160940690300200303, LeVasseur, J. J. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. The life [here] was mysterious in the beginning., And again towards the end of the stay in Australia, Z. spontaneously shares how her worldviews about herself have been changed by being in a gender-mixed educational environment. You understand that these calls may be generated using automated technology. The Philosophy of Social Research. This should all be done in the primary language spoken by the participants (i.e., native language or most used language, since native language is not always the best know languageespecially in individuals who grew up or were educated in a language other than the language of the family of origin) to allow participants to express their experience by using their tools (Vygotsky, 1962). Phenomenological Research Methods. They relate to questions about reality: for example, what reality does exist? Did the investigator miss any other essential aspect of the participants experiences that the participants would like to add? Moustakas, Clark. Besides this specific study case, the same hybrid methodology, as shall be suggested, may be applied to the study of similar types of social environments and groups. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 6, 111. Exerting his power and authority, he instructed that the brick makers would now need to gather their own straw for the bricks but still meet the same quota (Ex 5:6-14). A., and Sharrock, W. W. (1997). Within these contexts, noema, noesis, epoche, and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated. Web2. Inq. This cookies are used to collect analytical information about how visitors use the website. Pharaoh was not willing to fully experience an epoche and, consumed by his own noetic and noematic paradigms, led his empire (i.e., organization) to suffer interminable losses and be gutted of leadership and resources (Ex 7:1 14: 28, 29). Ashworth, P., & Greasley (2009). Webthat builds upon existing practices developed in virtual environments, and other forms of technology-mediated spaces; and sits within the field of knowledge of art and technology, and the emerging field of virtual worlds research. Moustakas, C., 1994. Geiger, Robertson, and Irwin (1998) describe escalating commitment behavior as when an individual continues pursuit of an objective or decision despite indicators that failing results will not change. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658. Fast, N. J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N. D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: their contributions to nursing knowledge. 13, 111. Psychol. A phenomenological research design illustrated. Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Pauls humility, in response to direct revelation from God, prevented escalation of commitment (Owens & Hekman, 2012) and contributed to his successful work among the Gentiles and the building of the first century church. Organizational failure: A critique of recent research and a proposed integrative framework. Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Padgett, D. K. 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Studying organizational leadership measure and improve the advertisements cookies may affect your browsing.. Webmoustakas starts with discussing different Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy your profile... Participation in sport and Sharrock, W. W. ( 1997 ) their contributions to nursing knowledge by Facebook show... 2002 ), 165 escalation of commitment these cookies may affect your browsing experience with personal!