He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Free trial is available to new customers only. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. . The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. Based on France's experience with trench warfare during World War I, the massive Maginot Line was built in the run-up to World War II, after the Locarno Conference in 1925 gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic "Locarno spirit". In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. She allows the girls inside. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. Rosemary Villanucci "Why the Massive Maginot Line Failed to Stop Hitler" Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. Dave Roos This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Complete your free account to request a guide. By asking Frieda if she just sat there, Claudia displays her ignorance of the realities of male oppression of women. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Dont have an account? Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. Patreon: https://www.patr. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. 3. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. Wed love to have you back! Renews March 8, 2023 Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. World War I absolutely devastated France. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. The community knows. Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. Renews March 8, 2023 A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. This reassured allied civilians. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. (one code per order). Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. . The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. 7. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Curiously, Cholly's hatred is directed at Darlene. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. 20% [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. Discount, Discount Code The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. A neighbor, Mr. Buford, arrived and gave Mr. MacTeer a gun. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. When Cholly is in his early teens, Great Aunt Jimmy becomes sick, and an old seer-like black woman named M'Dear warns her that to get better she must drink nothing but pot liquor. What does the word "festers" mean? creating and saving your own notes as you read. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. 16. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. Wed love to have you back! Why did the French build the line? This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. (A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines in 19141918.). Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Continue to start your free trial. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. The narrator of parts of the novel. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. 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