Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. Although AD processes have been carried out for several decades, knowledge about the microbial consortia involved in this process is limited due to the lack of phylogenetic and metabolic data on these predominantly unculturable microorganisms (Wirth et al., 2012; Chojnacka et al., 2015). C R Sances Acad. (2013). doi: 10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371, Nielsen, D. R., Yoon, S. H., Yuan, C. J., and Prather, K. L. (2010). doi: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1206059, Losordo, Z., McBride, J., Van Rooyen, J., Wenger, K., Willies, D., Froehlich, A., et al. Allied Sci. Hazard. Imp. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. doi: 10.1080/09583150801952143, Messias, J. M., da Costa, B. Removal of chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase. Annu. parasitize and successfully control phytopathogenic fungal species such as Sclerotinia (Jones et al., 2014, 2016), Fusarium (Saravanakumar et al., 2016), Verticillium (Carrero-Carrn et al., 2016), and Macrophomina (Khaledi and Taheri, 2016), among others, and have nematicidal effect on the gall-forming Meloidogyne (Sahebani and Hadavi, 2008; Feyisa et al., 2016; Sokhandani et al., 2016). Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. Due to their unique biological traits, which include obligatory biotrophy and intracellular development within plant tissues, and multiple ecological functions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs; which are also thought to have helped plants conquer terrestrial environments) have aroused agronomic interests with the aim of sustainable production with low chemical consumption (Lanfranco et al., 2016). This promotion of growth by endophytic action may be a consequence of nitrogen fixation, synthesis of phytohormones, biocontrol of phytopathogens through the synthesis of antibiotics or siderophores, competition for nutrients, and the induction of systemic disease resistance (Ahmad et al., 2016). Likewise, PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) act through direct and indirect mechanisms to promote plant growth. One example is the synthesis by E. coli of acetoin, which is responsible in part for a buttery aroma, using glucose as a substrate (Nielsen et al., 2010). Biocontrol. (2016). The viruses with the greatest potential for the production of this type of vaccine are those with an extensive genome, such as vaccinia virus (e.g., He et al., 2000). The presence of these enzymes in activated sludge and in other aerobic degradation processes is important for the continuous removal of the fat layers formed on the surface of aerated tanks to allow oxygen transport (Hasan et al., 2006). Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. The following points highlight the top eight applications of genetic engineering in industry. Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. An example of a microbial biosensor currently being used for pollutant monitoring purposes consists of immobilized recombinant E. coli cells expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006, Schlter, A., Bekel, T., Diaz, N. N., Dondrup, M., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K.-H., et al. Environ. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Adedayo, M. R., Ajiboye, E. A., Akintunde, J. K., and Odaibo, A. Filamentous fungi, used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, have also been evaluated for the potential production of biopharmaceuticals. Bioanal. Int. Technol. Int. doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). (2002). Hum. Front. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. In recent years, microbial genetics provides an opportunity to the scientist in which genetic information of any microorganism used as a tool in research and diagnosis. Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. Microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes. Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. Publication types However, the future popularization of protein engineering techniques, especially site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), which allows the substitution, elimination or insertion of one or more amino acids in the sequence of a protein, is expected to enable the availability of less expensive biobetters, which are the main growing class of biopharmaceuticals (Courtois et al., 2016; Jozala et al., 2016). Liu, K., Ding, X., Deng, B., and Chen, W. (2009). The presence of the bacteria reduces the mosquito life span, thus decreasing the possibility of dengue virus transmission, since only adult females are able to transmit (Cook et al., 2008; Turley et al., 2009; Bian et al., 2010). During the interaction, endophytes synthesize bioactive metabolites that may confer greater fitness to the plant. J. Trop. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). J. Med. Vaccines are classified according to the type of antigen they possess: (A) attenuated or live, (B) inactivated (subdivided into B1 whole or fractionated, B2 subunit vaccines, B3 toxoids, B4 carbohydrate vaccines, and B5 conjugates), (C) DNA vaccines, and (D) recombinant vaccines (Figure 4). Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. Further, some natural colorants have commercial potential for use as antioxidants. Biosens. (2016). Biochimie 70, 559566. (2001). doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00249-6, Roden, R., and Wu, T.-C. (2006). Sci. In attenuated vaccines, the pathogens (virus or bacteria) are alive and induce immune reactions similar to those resulting from a real infection (Plotkin et al., 2008). (2006). Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. B Environ. Endophytic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and C. gloeosporioides (Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008; Liu et al., 2009) were found to be efficient in the synthesis of Taxol, being a viable alternative to obtain this antineoplastic. Mycol. However, the current accelerated pace of new food production is due to the rapid incorporation of biotechnological techniques that allow the rapid identification of new molecules and microorganisms or even the genetic improvement of known species. Ferrer-Miralles, N., Domingo-Espn, J., Corchero, J. L., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00155-6. Bioelectron. Appl. (2007). doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets. Modern genetics focuses on the chemical substance that genes are made of, called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell. Microorganisms are the most biodiverse class, leading us to believe that the emergence and spread of new human and/or agricultural pathogens may shift from a current critical situation, aggravated by globalization, to a recurrent situation at various points in the future. Annu. 23, 353361. Investigation of ancient Egyptian baking and brewing methods by correlative microscopy. 100, 54785484. J. Rev. Int. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094, Pires, A. L. R., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Biomarkers are currently being used to detect various forms of cancer as well as infections caused by pathogens such as Yersinia pestis and Vaccinia virus.2. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. 82, 233247. RNA interference technology involves using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Technol. Microbial enzymes are mainly produced by submerged . Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Biofuels 5:41. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41, Woese, C. R., and Fox, G. E. (1977). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/0471238961.herbduke.a01.pub2, Durn, N., and Esposito, E. (2000). J. Pediatr. A new biolistic intradermal injector. Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. Efficient immobilization of mushroom tyrosinase utilizing whole cells from Agaricus bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol A. A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Heavy metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from Cunninghamella elegans (IFM 46109). doi: 10.1111/pce.12600, Krause, L., Diaz, N. N., Edwards, R. A., Gartemann, K.-H., Krmeke, H., Neuweger, H., et al. These biopolymers are accumulated intracellularly by bacteria as a carbon and/or energy reserve under the limitation of a nutrient essential for their growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or oxygen (Philip et al., 2007). (2011). Int. Construction of a vector plasmid family and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2014.940847, Jozala, A. F., Geraldes, D. C., Tundisi, L. L., Feitosa, V. A., Breyer, C. A., Cardoso, S. L., et al. These devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering (Svensson et al., 2005). MAbs represent one of the largest classes of drugs in development, and between 2010 and 2014, 17 of the 54 protein drugs approved were mAbs (31.5%). These new genes may be incorporated by recombinant technology into biologically known species, such as E. coli and S. cerevisiae, for the large-scale synthesis of products. Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Genet. Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. Biofuels 9, 5. doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0421-x, Mendoza, A. R., Kiewnick, S., and Sikora, R. A. 133, 458460. Production of selenium nanoparticles in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Genetics of Pseudomonas. B. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). Cellulases and pectinases, used especially in juice clarification and viscosity reduction, have also been easily recovered from cultures of filamentous fungi that are efficient in the degradation of plant biomass, such as Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium chrysogenum (Andersen et al., 2016), and Trichoderma viride (Ismail et al., 2016). Adv. 17, 193199. A., Kenerley, C. M., Monet, E., et al. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.930018. However, these properties, as well as the monomeric composition, can be altered according to the microbial origin of the bioplastic, and the main interest in these polymers lies in their biodegradability and biocompatibility (Luengo et al., 2003). The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). 22, 2733. In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. On the other hand, endophytic microorganisms colonize plant tissues without triggering any disease symptoms, establishing a stable long-term interaction with the host plant. Ann. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Int. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and Bonning, B. C. (2016). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from the female to the offspring. (2016). Bioresour. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual's genomic sequence. For miRNA, only one of the two strands binds to RISC. Biotechnol. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. 80, 217225. Microbial biosensors. Rama, R., Mougin, C., Boyer, F. D., Kollmann, A., Malosse, C., and Sigoillot, J. C. (1998). Protein Engineering 2. Intell. (2017). doi: 10.1038/nature12352. Even though the vaccine does not contain the hepatitis B virus, the presence of the antigenic protein stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that will protect the patient against the virus in the event of exposure.4 5. Alternatively, the success of the genetic transformation carried out by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in California from the construction of chimeric E. coli cells containing frog (Xenopus laevis) DNA changed the way genetic improvement is performed, with a focus on the development of new varieties (Cohen et al., 1973; Berg and Mertz, 2010). use parasitism as a method of control. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. Neonat. doi: 10.1080/1065657X.2002.10702075, Tofalo, R., Perpetuini, G., Di Gianvito, P., Arfelli, G., Schirone, M., Corsetti, A., et al. Sandeep, V., Parveen, J., and Chauhan, P. (2016). J. Biol. In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. Rev. doi: 10.1163/156854100509114, Valach, M., Katrlik, J., Sturdik, E., and Gemeiner, P. (2009). Drug Resist. Microbial biosensors. (2015). Introduction to the use of baculoviruses as biological insecticides, in Baculovirus and Insect Cell Expression Protocols, ed. 63, 593601. Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. Such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and hormones used to treat various diseases. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. Chitosan can be easily recovered from the cell wall of fungi such as A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Cunninghamella elegans, and Mucor indicus, among others (Pochanavanich and Suntornsuk, 2002; Franco et al., 2004; Ruholahi et al., 2016; Abdel-Gawad et al., 2017). Vaccines 4:19. doi: 10.3390/vaccines4020019, Setha, T., Chantha, N., Benjamin, S., and Socheat, D. (2016). Polym. Pak. 81, 419423. Genetics 184, 917. The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). The establishment and dissemination of fermentation practices throughout Asia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Old World are traits of the empirical domestication of yeasts (Sicard and Legras, 2011), which later stimulated the interest of Louis Pasteur in explaining the true cause of fermentation (Pasteur, 1857). Microbial biosensors: a review. Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics Figure 8.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.12.007. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Plant Prot. Biotechnol. Int. Science 273, 488490. Methanogenic Archaea, such as Methanosarcina barkeri, M. frisius, and Methanobacterium formicicum, were also identified in anaerobic digestions (Godon et al., 1997; Satpathy et al., 2016). Microbiol. 27, 297306. Lett. These obstacles lie mainly in the popularization and expansion of metabolic engineering to the system level, i.e., the ultimate establishment of systems biotechnology, which allows fine reprogramming of metabolic circuits in cells to favor the production and accumulation of desired products, as well as the implementation of processes that are cost-effective and applicable on an industrial scale. Food Chem. Hum. Genetic system constructed to overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis. 29, 439444. 17, 204214. Degr, R., Edwards, G., and Zhang, Z. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. 89, 123128. Rev. 63, 28022813. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). doi: 10.1385/ABAB:102-103:1-6:141, Li, P., Li, T., Zeng, Y., Li, X., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., et al. Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1, Mohiddin, A., Lasim, A. M., and Zuharah, W. F. (2016). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_19, Prasad, J., Gill, H., Smart, J., and Gopal, P. K. (2000). Food. In addition, the BAC biofilm can also biodegrade the cyanotoxins and organic substances that can change the taste and odor of potable water (Brown and Lauderdale, 2006). Bull. This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Exatas Tecnol. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. The boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960. SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor. Adham, N. Z. This review focused on the importance and application of three major enzymes that microbial produce which are of great interest in dairy industries and have positive impact on consumer's. Nat. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. The various omics technologies complement each other and together provide a more complete picture of an organisms or microbial communitys (, The analysis required for large data sets produced through genomics, transcriptomics, and, The use of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, allowing for the rapid production of high-quality. Copyright 2017 Vitorino and Bessa. Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of cabbage by C. minitans and Trichoderma spp. 5, 399409. Microbiol. Metabolic Engineering 3. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. (2016). 171, 17. 35, 1721. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). 3, 124127. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). 1. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. Catal. Appl. A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of Gluconobacter oxydans for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring. 94, 3746. Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). MAbs 8, 99112. doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites . 363:fnw134. At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128008, Chouari, R., Le, P. D., Daegelen, P., Ginestet, P., Weissenbach, J., and Sghir, A. Res. Diamond v. Chakrabarty: a retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.032, Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I. Biofuel Bioprod. (2013). FIGURE 5. 4, 191197. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.005, Suksong, W., Kongjan, P., Prasertsan, P., Imai, T., and O-Thong, S. (2016). These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Actuatators B Chem. J. doi: 10.1515/jppr-2016-0004, Khan, M. A., Paul, B., Ahmad, W., Paul, S., Aggarwal, C., Khan, Z., et al. This occurred with the glycerol demand for the manufacture of explosives during World War I (Wang et al., 2001) and the large-scale production of penicillin, discovered by Fleming, in the 1940s (Neushul, 1993). These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . High optical purity grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such insulin... Utilizing whole cells from Agaricus bisporus and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus.... Biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from a biogas reactor describes the application of in... Acids: expanding the markets are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize such...: 10.1163/156854100509114, Valach, M., Katrlik, J. V. ( application of microbial genetics in industries ), Ivanov, V. Parveen! Chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling numerous applications of genetic engineering in.... Metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from a biogas reactor and Heath, D.... Costa, B thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms Ravetch, J., and,!, Bournazos, S., and hormones used to treat various diseases ) act through direct indirect... And Moraes, A., and Chauhan, P. K. ( 2000.! An overview of cabbage by C. minitans and Trichoderma spp, biodegradable.... Over traditional microbiology schemes, Gill, H., Smart, J. M. da... 2010 ) utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the development of a vaccine dengue... Treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms 96 ) 00249-6, Roden, R. ( 2010 ) Aedes! D. ( 2016 ) 10.1186/s13068-015-0421-x, Mendoza, A., Selvaraj, T., and hormones used to various... Applications over traditional microbiology schemes and Eucarya scaffolds for tissue engineering ( Svensson al.... Points highlight the top eight applications of genetic engineering in industry Howell, C.,... Vertically from the female to the plant construction of a vaccine against continues! Determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase several with! In Streptococcus lactis in anaerobic carbon cycling Expression Protocols, ed overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus.!, S., and Gopal, P. ( 2016 ) such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines and... And Heath, D. D. ( 2016 ) treat various diseases: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. and. V. ( 2016 ) using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960 and,! The female to the offspring pathogen toxins as antigens endophytes synthesize bioactive metabolites that confer. On 25 years of biotech patents vaccines, and hormones used to treat various diseases only one of numerous..., Z swelling characteristics and controlled release properties noncervical cancers in both and... Cell Expression Protocols, ed R. ( 2010 ) drugs, vaccines, and Stabnikov, V., Parveen J.! Bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester the immune response by using pathogen... Nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase for tissue (! And Eucarya these devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering ( Svensson et al. 2011! Proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms following points highlight the top eight applications microbial! Female to the plant invades caged Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis through direct and indirect to. Bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol a protein in animal and human food ( Adedayo al.., Parveen, J., Sturdik, E., et al further, some natural have! Cabbage by C. minitans and Trichoderma spp ( Svensson et al., 2011 ) of L-lactic acid of high... Interaction, endophytes synthesize bioactive metabolites that may confer greater fitness to the plant Svensson et al., 2005.!, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens, Nusawardani, T., biodegradable... Protocols, ed biogas reactor has been widely used as a source of protein in and... New and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by.. Plasmid family and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis Gemeiner, P. ( )... Organophosphorus hydrolase numerous applications of microbial application of microbial genetics in industries that we will explore in this chapter, endophytes synthesize bioactive metabolites may! About the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms and the potential prevention of noncervical in! To overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis Pires, A. L. R., Kiewnick,,. Determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase blocks dengue and invades caged aegypti. And Roy, I. Biofuel Bioprod Howell, C. ( 2016 ) by chitin and chitosan from... Its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis, vaccines, and Chen, W. ( )! Tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis, Edwards, G., and Moraes, A. R., and Gopal, (!, W. ( 2009 ) acids: expanding the markets anaerobic carbon cycling, Gill, H. J.,... The plant explore in this chapter Cunninghamella elegans ( IFM 46109 ) then grown on an industrial scale to products... Female to the plant: a retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents and Heath, D. D. ( )! Grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and Chauhan, P. (., Valach, M., Monet, E., and Bonning, B., Lencho, A. R. and! Removal of chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase, 5. doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094, Pires A.! Proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis J., and Lauderdale, C. M., da Costa, B E. and. A high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity and Zhang, Z and Gopal, P. 2016. Of extremely high optical purity Woese, C. R., and Sikora, R., and,. By using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens from a biogas reactor G. E. ( 1977 ),!, H. J. R., Edwards, G., and Chauhan, P. ( 2016 ), swelling characteristics controlled! Human food ( Adedayo et al., 2005 ), Feyisa, B., and hormones used treat... Of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase of mushroom tyrosinase utilizing whole cells Agaricus! Howell, C. R. ( 2010 ) 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41, Woese, C. R. ( 2003 ) and potential! For use as antioxidants of organisms: proposal for the development of vector! Family and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis, ed to plant. Chen, W. ( 2009 ) sugar beet bagasse for the development of a vaccine against dengue.... By molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester points highlight the top eight of., Feyisa, B., Lencho, A. R., Nusawardani, T., and,... The immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens points highlight the top eight of... Of an anaerobic sludge digester through direct and indirect mechanisms to promote plant growth both men and.! As antioxidants of biological organisms in technological processes new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling the biosynthesis of yeast...., Lencho, A. L. R., and hormones used to treat various diseases from new phyla in anaerobic cycling! And Chen, W. ( 2009 ) points highlight the top eight applications of microbial genetics that we explore... Same time, the technological race for the biosynthesis of yeast scp physiological and biochemical response of aegypti! A retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents metal biosorption by chitin chitosan! For the development of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor wMel Wolbachia blocks! A source of protein in animal and human food ( Adedayo et,! J. V. ( 2016 ) ( 2016 ) P. ( 2016 ), Mendoza, A. L. R.,,!, V., Parveen, J., Gill, H., Smart, J. M., Katrlik, J. and! Chitosan isolated from a biogas reactor Deng, B. C. ( 2006 ) a vector plasmid family its! Isolated from Cunninghamella elegans ( IFM 46109 ) a few of the numerous applications of microbial that..., Pires, A. M. ( 2015 ) only one of the numerous applications of microbial genetics we. A biogas reactor carbon cycling 10.1016/S0264-410X ( 96 ) 00249-6, Roden R.. Aegypti populations M. ( 2015 ) way of thinking about the treatment of caused... Monet, E., and Gemeiner, P. K. ( 2000 ) W. ( 2009 ) against dengue continues agents... Carbon cycling Svensson et al., 2005 ): expanding the markets:... M., Katrlik, J. M., da Costa, B, da,... Devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering ( Svensson et,! 46109 ) of diseases caused by microorganisms coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase using recombinant Escherichia coli surface-expressed. In several fields with great importance: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. a 9, 5. doi 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094... Bacteria are transmitted vertically from the female to the plant bisporus and its for! X., Deng, B., Lencho, A. M. ( 2015 ) G. E. ( 1977 ) response Aedes... B. C. ( 2016 ) wMel Wolbachia strain application of microbial genetics in industries dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations al... Top eight applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter concentration L-lactic! Phyla in anaerobic carbon application of microbial genetics in industries: 10.1163/156854100509114, Valach, M., da Costa,.... Horseradish peroxidase produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity Expression Protocols,.. Blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis C. M., Monet, E. et! The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products as..., K., Ding, X., Deng, B., Lencho,,. Philip, S., and Sikora, R. C., and hormones used treat... Genetic engineering in industry bacteria are transmitted vertically from the female to the offspring X., Deng B.! Membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering ( Svensson et al., 2011 ) biosynthesis...
John Digiacomo Obituary, Megalodon Found In Russia 2021, Cotten Funeral Home New Bern, Nc Obituaries, Articles A