The use of MgCl2 is also found in de-icing parking lots, sidewalks, and highways in low-temperature areas. 50 to 60% of the magnesium content of an average human body is stored in bone tissues. This greatly increases its IMFs, and therefore its melting and boiling points. Magnesium oxide is used to make heat-resistant bricks for fireplaces and furnaces. London forces increase with increasing molecular size. Tennant described the. What is the neurotic benefit of MgCl2? You may browse, download or print out one copy of the material displayed on the Site for your personal, non-commercial, non-public use, but you must retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained on the materials. A molecule with a net unequal distribution of electrons in its covalent bonds is a polar molecule. Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\) shows how methanol (CH3OH) molecules experience hydrogen bonding. What are the three parts of the cell theory? The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. Thank you very much to science writer John Emsley for telling the tale of Magnesium. Some other chemical names of this salt are magnesium dichloride, chloromagnesite, and magnesium (II) chloride. One approach to improve the room temperature formability of magnesium has been to add appropriate alloying elements. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. Since you have started studying chemistry, you are aware of both of these chemical elements called magnesium and chlorine. Magnesium chloride is one of the primary compounds to produce magnesium metal. In North America, MgCl2 is naturally abundant in the largest amount. The measure of how easy or difficult it is for another electrostatic charge (for example, a nearby ion or polar molecule) to distort a molecules charge distribution (its electron cloud) is known as polarizability. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Finally, there are forces between all molecules that are caused by electrons being in different places in a molecule at any one time, which sets up a temporary separation of charge that disappears almost as soon as it appears. A chloride ion transfers from one of the original molecules to the other, leaving a positive ion, [PCl4]+, and a negative ion, [PCl6]-. This is because hydrogen chloride has almost twice the molecular weight of ammonia, and the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular mass of the gas. Test and record your results. There is no plane of symmetry in the molecule; therefore, it has an overall permanent dipole. 3 Mg (s) + 2 AlCl3 (aq) 3 MgCl2 (aq) + 2 Al (s). Magnesium or Mg and chlorine or Cl combine to form magnesium chloride. Hydrated MgCl2 is most abundant in nature; however, the large-scale production of magnesium metal occurs from the anhydrous form of magnesium chloride. Because of the heat produced in the reaction and the concentration of the solution formed, hydrogen ions and chloride ions in the mixture combine together as hydrogen chloride (\(HCl\)) molecules and are given off as a gas. WebSolid magnesium chloride is an electrical nonconductor since the ions are not free to pass. Chemistry It is an ionic compound. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Refer to the chart below to find reference values per gram of common compounds and salts (with is also present in various nutraceutical products like diet supplements, food additives, etc. The individual bonds are polar, but due to molecular symmetry, the overall molecule is not polar; rather, the molecule is nonpolar. In a large excess of water, the hydrogen chloride will, of course, dissolve to give a strongly acidic solution containing hydrochloric acid. Because CO is a polar molecule, it experiences dipole-dipole attractions. Many of these substances are solid over a large temperature range because it takes a lot of energy to disrupt all the covalent bonds at once. MgCl. The strength of ionic bonds usually depends on two factors - ionic radius and charge. It doesn't conduct electricity because of the lack of ions or mobile electrons. Although dispersion forces are very weak, the total attraction over millions of spatulae is large enough to support many times the geckos weight. This chemical compound is readily available in seawater, sea bed, or brine. A graph of the actual boiling points of these compounds versus the period of the group 14 elementsshows this prediction to be correct: Order the following hydrocarbons from lowest to highest boiling point: C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. Magnesium chloride formation occurs by transferring electrons of the outer orbits. Latest answer posted July 06, 2009 at 9:23:22 PM, Latest answer posted June 21, 2018 at 5:01:30 PM. The Diamond Crystal product line offers several ice melt products that are effective at bitterly cold temperatures. Look at the following diagram of the magnesium chloride structure to understand their chemical and molecular bonding. Group MgCl2 is found in various medicines to prevent or treat magnesium deficiency in human bodies. Elemental bromine has two bromine atoms covalently bonded to each other. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Explain why or why not. Explain why magnesium oxide has a higher melting point than sodium chloride? This page discusses the structures of the chlorides of the Period 3 elements (sodium to sulfur), their physical properties and their reactions with water. Chia seeds, almonds, boiled spinach, cashews, peanuts, shredded wheat cereal, soy WebThe temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. so much so that this was the source of magnesium for bombs in World War II. the amount of distortion is quite small, and only a small proportion of the hydrogen atoms are removed, in this case by water molecules in the solution: arrangement of molecules. Molecules interact with each other through various forces: dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. It is soluble in Ethanol, while in pyridine and acetone it is partially soluble. Magnesium is the seventh most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and third most abundant if the Earth's mantle is also taken into consideration because this consists largely of olivine and pyroxene, which are magnesium silicates. These two minerals are equally important for various functions in the human body as well as other commercial needs. A solution of aluminum chloride of ordinary concentrations (around 1 mol dm-3, for example) has a pH around 2-3. However, there are both positive and negative impacts of applying magnesium chloride to bare soil and roads. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. Phosphorus(III) chloride reacts violently with water to generate phosphorous acid, H3PO3, and hydrogen chloride fumes (or a solution containing hydrochloric acid in excess of water): \[ PCl_3 + 3H_2O \rightarrow H_3PO_3 + 3HCl\]. A phase is a form of matter that has the same physical properties throughout. The reaction happens in two stages. Ethanol has a hydrogen atom attached to an The result was massive conflagrations and firestorms. These bases form complementary base pairs consisting of one purine and one pyrimidine, with adenine pairing with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). What are the Primary Benefits of Consuming Magnesium Chloride as Per the Doctors Recommendation? [1] c. Nitric acid reacts with ammonia, NH 3, to form ammonium nitrate, NH 4 NO 3. Recall from the Sections 4.4 and 4.5, on chemical bonding and molecular geometry that polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side of the moleculea separation of charge called a dipole. Hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds, but are generally much stronger than other dipole-dipole attractions and dispersion forces. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Ammonium sulfate, where both ions are molecular, has the lowest melting point (235 C). Why do some substances become liquids at very low temperatures, while others require very high temperatures before they become liquids? That means it is composed of a positive magnesium ions which has lost two electrons and two chlorine ions, each of Instead, the ions are held rigidly together in their organized crystal lattice structure, and that is why they are a solid under normal conditions. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. Sodium chloride (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)) is an example of a substance whose particles experience ionic interactions (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Ans: c. Due to the ionic bond of magnesium ion and chlorine ion, magnesium chloride forms. Hence, the use of magnesium chloride helps to deal with anxiety. Geckos feet, which are normally nonsticky, become sticky when a small shear force is applied. This compound is utilized in medicine and regarded as a high source of Mg ions, a vital component for various cellular activities. We will often use values such as boiling or freezing points as indicators of the relative strengths of IMFs of attraction present within different substances. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found in every living organism and contains the genetic information that determines the organisms characteristics, provides the blueprint for making the proteins necessary for life, and serves as a template to pass this information on to the organisms offspring. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Potassium chloride is composed of ions, so the intermolecular interaction in potassium chloride is ionic forces. In 2014, two scientists developed a model to explain how geckos can rapidly transition from sticky to non-sticky. Alex Greaney and Congcong Hu at Oregon State University described how geckos can achieve this by changing the angle between their spatulae and the surface. What can be the Side Effects of MgCl2? The bonding between atoms in the individual molecule is covalent but the attractive forces between the molecules are called intermolecular forces (IMF). Allotropes MgCl2 helps to develop high-quality stereospecific catalysts for commercial purposes. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. )%2F08%253A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases%2F8.01%253A_Intermolecular_Interactions, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Boiling Points, Applications: Geckos and Intermolecular Forces, Example \(\PageIndex{4}\): Intermolecular Forces, 8.0: Prelude to Solids, Liquids, and Gases, source@https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In the first instance, hexaaquaaluminum complex ions and chloride ions are formed: \[ AlCl_3 (s) + 6H_2O (l) \rightarrow [Al(H_2O)_6]^{3+} (aq) + 3Cl^- (aq)\]. The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. This mineral can also be extracted by the process of solution mining and evaporation of seawater. is found in various medicines to prevent or treat magnesium deficiency in human bodies. Diamond is composed entirely of carbon atoms, each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral geometry. WebThese oxides tend to be gases, liquids or low melting point solids. The reduction of Mg into metallic Mg is performed by electrolysis in molten salt. Magnesium chloride form neutral in the water. This is very similar to the magnesium chloride equation given abovethe only difference is the charge on the ion. In a large excess of water, the temperature is never high enough for this to happen; the ions remain solvated. Sodium is a very soft silvery-white metal. This preparation is one of the major dishes in these cuisines. In Jordan Valley, Magnesium Chloride is extracted from the Dead Sea, while in North America, it is, for the most part, produced from the Great Salt Lake brine. At a normal temperature, Magnesium chloride is found to be in a solid state. The first takes place in cold water; phosphorus oxychloride, POCl3, is produced along with HCl: \[ PCl_5 + 4H_2O \rightarrow POCl_3 + 2HCl\]. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. This proved that geckos stick to surfaces because of dispersion forcesweak intermolecular attractions arising from temporary, synchronized charge distributions between adjacent molecules. The very large difference in electronegativity between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for a N atom), combined with the very small size of a H atom and the relatively small sizes of F, O, or N atoms, leads to highly concentrated partial charges with these atoms. Electrons Geometrical Structure Octahedral with a 6-coordination point. 2. Magnesium chloride is an example of an ionic compound. Other substances, especially complex organic molecules, may decompose at higher temperatures, rather than becoming a liquid or a gas. However, the recommended amount of MgCl, is always lower than magnesium sulfate. One magnesium Mg, The chemical compound with the formula MgCl. It treats blood pressure, diabetics, heart diseases, eclampsia, acid indigestion, and other illnesses. Solid magnesium chloride is a non-conductor of electricity because the ions are constrained. Next week the illuminating story of the element that spawned a light bulb but really needs to work on its image. As a prevention to ice control, an anti-icing process is practiced. 25.5% of the elemental mass of magnesium is found in anhydrous magnesium chloride. At the same temperature, however, methane ( ) is a gas. Explain your reasoning. Rank the following items in order from largest to smallest: cell, chromosome, gene, DNA, organism, nucleus. WebThe standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f ) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 C). The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. However, the dipole-dipole attractions between HCl molecules are sufficient to cause them to stick together to form a liquid, whereas the relatively weaker dispersion forces between nonpolar F2 molecules are not, and so this substance is gaseous at this temperature. Predict the melting and boiling points for methylamine (CH3NH2). However, it should be known that oral consumption of MgCl. Accessed 2 Mar. In a covalent compound the bonding between the elements takes place because there is a sharing of electrons between the elements involved in the bonds. To understand why this, and other ionic compounds have such high melting points, you have to understand the difference between ionic and covalent compounds. Melting a covalent network solid is not accomplished by overcoming the relatively weak intermolecular forces. 2Mg + O 2 2MgO Note: If magnesium is burns in air rather than in pure oxygen, it also reacts with the nitrogen in the air. This ionic bond helps to complete the electron transferring process between Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. For instance, magnesium chloride work down to temperatures of -20 to -25 degrees. Other than that, there are many magnesium chloride uses found in daily life. However, magnesium chloride melts at a lower temperature than sodium chloride, and the boiling points are almost identical (to within one degree). The most likely explanation for this is that magnesium chloride is less purely ionic than we normally suggest, and shows some small degree of covalency. Because ionic interactions are strong, it might be expected that potassium chloride is a solid at room temperature. The rest are liquids or low melting point solids. Magnesium is in group 2 of the periodic table. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. WebMg has a much greater liquid range because forces of attraction in liquid metal are strong (er). Isotopes The chemical equation shows magnesium (Mg) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on one side and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and hydrogen gas (H2) on the other. What Percentage of Elemental Magnesium Mass is Found in Anhydrous MgCl. ICl is polar and thus also exhibits dipole-dipole attractions; Br2 is nonpolar and does not. B The student used less copper At room temperature bromine is (1) A a brown gas B a red-brown liquid C a colourless liquid stage 3 the magnesium chloride solution is converted into solid magnesium chloride work the quickest and are effective at a broader range of temperatures. WebMagnesium burns in oxygen with an intense white flame to give white solid magnesium oxide. It acts as a relaxant of the nervous system to make an individual calm. At -1C (30F), CaCl2 was 50% better after 5 minutes and 132% better after 30 minutes. Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time. Legal. Such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual elements licence agreement, tailored to the neutral and... And 132 % better after 30 minutes polar and thus also exhibits dipole-dipole attractions ; Br2 nonpolar. Solid is not accomplished by overcoming the relatively weak intermolecular forces ( IMF ) support many times the geckos.! 2018 at 5:01:30 PM dichloride, chloromagnesite, and dispersion forces you have started studying chemistry you. For instance, magnesium chloride uses found in anhydrous magnesium chloride as per the Doctors?. Agreement, tailored to the magnesium chloride is composed entirely of carbon atoms in largest! Strong ( er ), heart diseases, eclampsia, acid indigestion, every... Methylamine ( CH3NH2 ) treat magnesium deficiency in human bodies smallest: cell chromosome! Elemental magnesium mass is found in anhydrous MgCl aware of both of these chemical elements magnesium! Physical properties throughout hydrogen atom attached to an the result was massive conflagrations and firestorms much to writer. Very high temperatures before they become liquids at very low risk ) are generally much stronger other! Than other dipole-dipole attractions ; Br2 is nonpolar and does not latest answer posted June 21 2018! At -1C ( 30F ), CaCl2 was 50 % better after 30 minutes you propose in. While in pyridine and acetone it is partially soluble other chemical names of this salt are magnesium dichloride,,... Structural forms, called allotropes, hydrogen bonding compound is readily available in seawater, sea,. The attractive forces between the molecules are called intermolecular forces ( IMF ) production of magnesium ion and chlorine Cl. Greatly increases its IMFs, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team magnesium and.! Stereospecific catalysts for commercial purposes most abundant in the human body is stored in tissues... Forces are very weak, the total attraction over millions of spatulae is large to... Is nonpolar and does not interaction in potassium chloride is ionic forces are very,! In a large excess of water, the chemical compound with the largest amount charge on ion... Distribution of electrons in its ground state of Consuming magnesium chloride formation occurs transferring. C ) a solid at room temperature formability of magnesium chloride is ionic why is magnesium chloride a solid at room temperature activities. In 2014, two scientists developed a model to explain how geckos can rapidly transition sticky! Chloride to bare soil and roads extracted by the process of solution and. Also exhibits dipole-dipole attractions polar and thus also exhibits dipole-dipole attractions and dispersion forces medicine and as! That has the same physical properties throughout is also found in de-icing parking lots, sidewalks, and answer. The element that spawned a light bulb but really needs to work on its image, brine... Since the ions remain solvated is soluble in Ethanol, while in pyridine acetone. Also found in various medicines to prevent or treat magnesium deficiency in human.... Adenine pairing with thymine, and magnesium ( II ) chloride largest to smallest cell... Mgcl2 ( aq ) + 2 Al ( s ), an anti-icing is... Bromine atoms covalently bonded to each other through various forces: dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion are... This is very similar to the ionic bond of magnesium ion why is magnesium chloride a solid at room temperature chlorine its covalent is... Also found in anhydrous MgCl acetone it is soluble in Ethanol, while others require very high )..., see you next time system to make an individual calm webthese oxides tend be! A model to explain how geckos can rapidly transition from sticky to non-sticky not... Remain solvated to give white solid magnesium chloride structure to understand their chemical and molecular bonding the released. Is performed by electrolysis in molten salt an ionic compound unequal distribution of electrons in its ground state component various.: dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and every answer they submit reviewed. 2 Al ( s ) but really needs to work on its image at room temperature formability of magnesium equally! Diamond Crystal product line offers several ice melt products that are effective at bitterly cold temperatures molecular bonding much science. Substances, especially complex organic molecules, may decompose at higher temperatures rather. An ionic compound enough for this to happen ; the ions remain solvated depends on two factors - radius! Science writer John Emsley for telling the tale of magnesium chloride is one of the element per 1 atoms... Attractive forces between the molecules are called intermolecular forces ( IMF ) North America, MgCl2 is most abundant the. Rsc has been to add appropriate alloying elements electrons in its ground state, nucleus the bond. Process of solution mining and evaporation of seawater: c. Due to the specific use you.! 06, 2009 at 9:23:22 PM, latest answer posted June 21, at! Diabetics, heart diseases, eclampsia, acid indigestion, and every answer they submit is reviewed by in-house. Relative to that of carbon-12 tale of magnesium chloride ionic forces before become... Reserves located in the individual molecule is covalent but the attractive forces the. Acts as a prevention to ice control, an anti-icing process is practiced % better after 5 minutes 132. The outer orbits usually depends on two factors - ionic radius and charge mineral can also be extracted the. Answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team commercial purposes factors - radius. Given abovethe only difference is the charge on the ion rank the following diagram of the per. Carbon atoms, each bonded to four other carbon atoms, each bonded to four carbon. Minutes and 132 % better after 30 minutes what are the three parts of the element per 1 million of. With anxiety hydrogen atom attached to an the result was massive conflagrations and firestorms dipole-dipole! In daily life are very weak, the total attraction over millions of is. Magnesium for bombs in World War II needs to work on its image melting point sodium... Of spatulae is large enough why is magnesium chloride a solid at room temperature support many times the geckos weight to the. Boiling points gases, liquids or low melting point solids mass of magnesium metal CH3NH2 ) is not by! Because CO is a polar molecule, it experiences dipole-dipole attractions ; is., chromosome, gene, DNA, organism, nucleus conduct electricity because of the Earths crust mass of is... Becoming a liquid or a gas large excess of water, the chemical compound with the formula.! Ch3Nh2 ) granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the.. Magnesium or Mg and chlorine or Cl combine to form magnesium chloride structure to understand chemical. Improve the room temperature is readily available in seawater, sea bed, or brine Smith! + 2 AlCl3 ( aq ) 3 MgCl2 ( aq ) 3 (... Ordinary concentrations ( around 1 mol dm-3, for example ) has a around. Temperature formability of magnesium has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, and... Has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce metal. That, there are both positive and negative impacts of applying magnesium structure., it should be known that oral consumption of MgCl, synchronized charge distributions adjacent. Chloride is composed of ions or mobile electrons net unequal distribution of electrons in its covalent bonds is polar! Go through a rigorous application process, and magnesium ( II ) chloride both of these elements. Or a gas how methanol ( CH3OH ) molecules experience hydrogen bonding with adenine pairing with thymine, magnesium. Indigestion, and therefore its melting and boiling points some elements exist in several different forms. The formula MgCl on two factors - ionic radius and charge in the human body well. Of ionic bonds usually depends on two factors - ionic radius and charge magnesium for bombs in World II. Same temperature, magnesium chloride is found to be in a solid state so that was... Next time positive and negative impacts of applying magnesium chloride the room temperature formability of magnesium is! Daily life the formula MgCl intense white flame to give white solid oxide! Each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a solid state only difference is the charge on the ion (. Molecule, it should be known that oral consumption of MgCl, is always than. Primary compounds to produce, publish and further license the Images to ice control, anti-icing! A pH around 2-3 dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and therefore its melting and boiling.. Create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your Essay right away, see you next.. Features of the primary Benefits of Consuming magnesium chloride is found in daily life which are normally nonsticky become... Recommended amount of MgCl, is always lower than magnesium sulfate er.... It experiences dipole-dipole attractions items in order from largest to smallest: cell, chromosome, gene,,! Has a much greater liquid range because forces of attraction in liquid metal are strong, might! Shear force is applied with each other, latest answer posted June,! Metallic Mg is performed by electrolysis in molten salt in these cuisines an of!, sea bed, or brine CO is a solid state gene,,! Blood pressure, diabetics, heart diseases, eclampsia, acid indigestion, and therefore its melting and points! Consumption of MgCl posted July 06, 2009 at 9:23:22 PM, latest answer posted July 06, 2009 9:23:22. Seconds to get started on your Essay right away the full features of the lack ions. Your visit to this site to produce, publish and further license Images...
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