The author describes the interaction between the Baganda mother and her baby as unfavorable and lacking any affection or love. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned. While the basic functions of the family remain the same all over the world, traditional African families have undergone significant transformations attributed to an interplay of factors, including Christianity, industrialization, educational expansion, population growth, monetization of the economy, migration, civilization, and now globalization. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. It is also a sign of acceptance of the children into the new family. Significance of dowry payment The custom of paying personal gifts to the brides people is practiced all over Africa sometimes referred to as Bride wealth or Bride price. 5. They advise the expectant mother on how to take care of herself. The verb kulobola is very specific meaning the valuables that are given partially or in full to the girls people to legitimate or seal the marriage. Young initiates are trained to be responsible husbands and wives in future. Many children 2. Download to read offline. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. Clitoridectomy Female circumcision. Division of labor in African societies, labor is divided according to sexes. - Kinship system provides the peaceful ways of settling disputes in a community as all are treated as brothers and sisters. The case studies presented will be those of the Baganda of Uganda and Bemba of Northern Zambia. The histories and cultures of Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered . Evans-Pritchard, J.J., Some Aspects of Marriage and the Family Among the Nuer, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1945, 1969. 28-39. 8. LeVine, R.A., Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. If he did, it would be like selling her. The children learn the customs, beliefs, and culture pertaining to the social roles of being a woman, mother, and wife for girls; and a man, father, and husband for boys. Initiation 3. This is brought by the following factors:- 1. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SYSTEM 173 THE SIB: DESCENT AND EXOGAMY Kinship ties necessarily begin within the family as a pro- creational unit. false T/F: Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. It was written in 1988. These include birth, initiation, marriage and death. 2. Yet in some communities when a woman is pregnant she is not allowed to talk to her husband directly. 4. They are made aware of their responsibilities in adulthood. 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. This chapter only focussed on the matrilineal and polygynous patrilineal African traditional family patterns because they seem representative of the broad patterns that exists on the continent. - Purification rites are performed for the mother and the child to make the child pure. Elders iv. It is not possible to gather initiates together in some communities. - Wife inheritance ensured that the late mans family would not suffer. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. T/F: Through slavery, forced separation of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship, and thus an extended family model took root. 9. The man who is the heir to the widow has the additional family responsibility of adopting the widows family. Names are also given in honor of ancestors. If one fails to show respect to such seniors. - It causes physical injury to the victim. i. Similar systems of kinship terminology can be found, for example, among the Ndebele of Zimbabwe, the Zulu of South Africa, the Ngoni and Tumbuka of Eastern Zambia. Introduction. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1971. Some of the traditional forms of leisure include. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. - Playing football - Wresting - Beer drinking - Wedding ceremonies - Riddles - Folktales - Tongue twisters Today several changes have affected leisure activities. The blood the binds the initiates and ancestors. Even traditionally, ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife. 6. The contention that questions the existence of African traditional society and culture has been clearly beyond reasonable doubt asserted to agreement however there are presences of constraints towards the flourishing of these societies as, Internal factors which include; Lack of unity among members of the society, differentiation of ideologies . d. If it is a man, the wife is supposed to stay around the corpse among them show clearly she would miss the husband. - They can foretell the future by receiving visions, dreams or words from God. Changing attitude towards death rites Some of the death and funeral rites are still being practiced however some are slowly dying out. They are senior members of the community. - Gambling. There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. drought, famine etc. In some communities girls are given to kings or chiefs as gifts. In traditional African society this entails a bride-exchange in form of cattle, services, foodstuffs, family ties, or other expressions of the marriage contract. Many wives 3. Bridgewater College Members of a community could also come together when defending the community against outside invaders. Changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - Women and children are allowed to own property. This is certainly no longer the case in the contemporary African traditional family. The paternal grandmothers drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water. Yet, equal opportunities is, perhaps, the essential defining element of an inclusive 7. - Honesty. The issue to emphasize, is not so much that there are no weaknesses or shortcomings in the traditional African family, but that the Eurocentric Anglo-Saxon descriptions (that are believed to be objective and describe social phenomena as accurately as possible) eliminate, and over shadow the strengths and positive aspects that might have existed and may still exist in the African traditional family patterns. - They act as a court of law to errant members of the society. 1967. They can foretell the future e.g. the pain the initiates underwent. - Children born out of marriage inherit their parents property. Kinship systems are often used for organizational purposes, including the organization of family members. - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. (Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980). Rituals associated with death vary from one community to another. Extended Family: It ensures that children, orphans and the widows are well taken care of by the other members of the extended family. In rural areas, the family typically . - There is individual ownership of property. Some people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody. - Life is also considered to be more precious and highly valued. For example honesty is expected in marriage. 7. 3. These variations are caused by differences in tribal customs or culture according geography, history, religion, external influence of colonialism, inter migration, political and economic structures and influences. There is no bride price in our society. Indeed, such authors as Chondoka have recently found little accuracy or justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying of a wife. As Eaton et al (2003) found in South Africa, for young people struggling for daily survival, protection from possible future illness may be a lower priority than meeting immediate economic needs. - Property can be owned outside ones ancestral home. Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. The government, the church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the aged. It was used to bury the dead, the spirits were believed to dwell on land or below the ground. 1. - Marriage was a source of wealth for the family. iv. This was because: - i. Africans believe that land was given to them by God. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. In a typical traditional African society, the family comprised of a number of individuals, ranging from grandparents,aunts,uncles, father, mother, children etc sometimes the "sahwira" is also regarded as part of that family in some sense. 2. Role of priests, prophets and seers 1. 3. In some communities as soon as a woman realizes she is expecting, she and the husband completely stops having sexual intercourse until after birth. Mitchell, J. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. It does not give warning. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. Physical causes of death i. The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. iii. The belief in Christianity has also affected traditional beliefs in death to believe that death is a gateway to heaven and there is resurrection of the body. They are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. In male-speaking terms, fathers sisters daughters (cross-cousins) are called cousins. 7. ii. Kinship is a cultural system. They also have the ability to stop rain. Before initiation, one is viewed as a child no matter the age. theories regarding family structure" (D . Many people spend their leisure time watching videos, Television and films, Certain leisure activities such as soccer have been turned into well-paying professions. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. WIDOWS AND ORPHANS - A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. Adams, Bert N., The Family: A Sociological Interpretation, 4th Edition, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986. Rites of passage: These are ceremonies that are performed to a group of people to mark important stages of life. - However the practice of looking after widows and orphans is dying out. This chapter will briefly explore traditional African family patterns describing the patrilineal and matrilineal families. It is feared and marked with a lot of sorrow. politicians. By combining the patrilocal rule of residence with consanguinal descent, the Baganda have built a formidable system of clans.13, Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. - In most communities the child and the mother are kept in seclusion for a number of days, depending on the sex of the baby. vi. Some names are given according to the time one was born. - Marriage ensures that children are not born outside wedlock. Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. - Marriage raised the status of the couples once somebody was married he was given a lot of respect. 2. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. After initiation, one has the right to marry. Edited by G.A. Dec. 31, 2007. 3. 8 It brings poverty to the family involved as sometimes it takes the bread winner 9 At times it brings misunderstanding in the community when the cause of death is blamed on someone or some people. Economic hardships many people are not able to raise money to pay dowry. Scholars of the African traditional family agree that the one widely known aspect that distinguishes the African traditional family, say from the European one, is the perversity of polygamy3. However, the role of these traditional religious leaders has been greatly affected by influence of Christianity, western culture and formal education. All the members come together in times of need. Ngulube, Naboth M. J., Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia, Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989. 6. a diviner would be called when something was stolen. They are not supposed to take part in heavy duties or carry heavy loads. largest kinship network of any descent system ever invented. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. These views were expressed before 1930s and as late as 1960s. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. 6. - They are concerned with maintenance of law and order in the community. Having so many people in this household should not be confused with other types of large families like, ..the joint family, with its several married brothers and their families living together or the extended family, consisting of a group of married off spring living in one household under a patriarch or matriarch.11 The Baganda are also patrilocal. Often only Kings, chiefs and men who had wealth could afford it. For example, in debt and marriage obligations. The husband could take his wife home if the marriage was thought stable especially after the couple has had two or more children. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976), 49 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. Land is owned by individuals. There are meteorologists who predict the weather conditions. These are many. Anything described in these terms must inherently be bad, primitive and, therefore, undesirable.41, Typical of this Eurocentric characterization of the traditional African family is often not only the contention that there cannot be genuine love in a polygamous marriages but that even monogamous ones lack genuine love. 2 Traditional foster care arrangements are referred to as non-kin foster care. They are free most of them and can get time for the younger generation. - Many people have moved and have settled in foreign lands, which are not their ancestral lands. For example, sickness in the indigenous African worldview is not only an imbalance of the body, but also an imbalance in one's social life, which can be linked to a breakdown in one's kinship and family relations or even to one's relationship with one's ancestors. Chondoka, Yizenge A., Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988. These institutions are a cultural universal i.e. Before initiation one is not fully considered belonging to the community. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. 5. Wedding ceremony - After the negotiation the wedding ceremonies are arranged. The introduction of formal education Formal education has weakened the role of parents and grandparents. In the traditional African Community, marriage was considered incomplete without children. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. Th importance whice h UNICEF attaches to the family is also based on the Conventio onn the Eliminatio onf v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. 3. Most of the time they suffer from old age diseases. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. The gift replaces her reminding the family that she has left her people yet she is not dead. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. This can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born. According to Dziro and Mhlanga (2018), urbanization, HIV/AIDS, and poverty in Africa are all factors that stifle the effectiveness of informal kinship approaches to proper childcare and. There is wailing in the house to show how the fellow was dear to them. 2. vii. attack by wild animals. - This special treatment starts before and continues after childbirth. - Protection charms are tied around the neck or the waist of the child. There are two main types of leisure: (1) Passive leisure: This is where there is minimal use of physical energy. (2) Generation: Kinship tie is established between the persons in relation to generation. Young men are taught to develop self-love and love for the community it provides a sense of belonging. In the late and early 19th century, a detailed study conducted among the Baganda found that, Polygyny, the type of marriage in which the husband has plural wives, is not only the preferred but the dominant form of marriage for the Baganda.8 Commoners had two or three, chiefs had dozens, and the Kings had hundreds of wives. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. 29 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1983. - When the baby arrives, the sex of the baby is announced by ululations. To give the mother time to recover the lost energy. Overall, there are two forms of social groups that from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family. Today marriage is for companionship and it is considered to be complete even if there are no children. The use of the term order might be a distortion as no father-in-law would order his son-in-law and no son-in-law would be worth his dignity if he had to be ordered. What happens in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected behavior. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. - They oversee the division of property in the community after death. Each stage has its own features, some of which are perhaps peculiar to the Baganda customs and system of socialization in their traditional family pattern. LeVine40 described some of the customs and patterns that surround interaction in the traditional African family as institutionalized restrictions, segregated patterns, and avoidance patterns. 6. - Religious organizations assist widows to start income generating projects. Some of them are (i) Rites of passage (2) Good morals (3) Participation in communal activities such as ceremonies, work, leisure activities and worship (4) Sharing of property and ideas (5) Division of labour. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. Africa's traditional religion is based on the Ubuntu philosophy, which is a Zulu word for human-ness, and was developed over many centuries in traditional African culture. Edited by G.A. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. 8. [.] fellow Christians. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. However, both the organization of the family unit, marriage, decent systems and the structure of kinship relations vary from society to society and through time (Ingiabuna et al. Dishonoring or insulting God. No one is allowed to take the life of another. Same ancestry: People of a particular community believe that they have the same origin e.g. 7. Economic hardships that has been due to introduction of money economy. giving the expectant mother certain herbs. 3. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). This culture was pre-literate, pre-scientific and pre-industrial. - The children born after his death were still referred to as his. Girls at an early age are taught a wide range of household and agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children. 6) There is problem of correct dosage of traditional medicine. By Timothy T. Schwartz, PhD. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. 3. They could also clean newly born baby. There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs. vii. Thesis. Although among the Baganda, the nuclear family of the mother, father, and their children constitutes the smallest unit of the Baganda kinship system, the traditional family consists of several nuclear units held in association by a common father.9 Because the Baganda people are patrilineal, the household family also includes other relatives of the father such as younger unmarried or widowed sisters, aged parents, and children of the fathers clan sent to be brought up by him. IV, pp.66-87. Those who are lazy are ridiculed. ix. j. - Life is also seen as communal. - People do not have a lot of attachment to land, as there are other means of survival. In the African understanding, it is believed that there is no natural death. - They help the priests to performing certain rituals such as sacrifices. - Marriage enables one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person would not be chosen a leader. The size of the clan could differ from one to the other. The clan chooses the heir. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. It is also a way of showing respect to God for the gift of the children. Famous Sociologist H.M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship which are described below: (1) Sex: Kinship relation is differentiated in each society on the basis of sex. Dowry seals marriage, before dowry is paid marriage is considered as incomplete. iii. This paper aims at tackling the change in the anthropological view of marriage and kinship ties in the society. For example, when a man dies among the Baganda, his power over the property ends. Changing attitudes to birth and naming 1. Marriage is no longer a must and many people decide not to marry. p.19, 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. So the relationship is often based on mutual expectations and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.14, 37 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.51 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. Prophets or priests also have political role e.g. In fact a woman was part of the property of the man. Dr. Mwizenge S. Tembo The man or bridegroom builds himself a house at his wifes village and becomes a member of her extended family group.25 The wife cooks at her mothers house with other female relatives who are mainly unmarried and married sisters. The male head has control over children produced by the children of the group. Yet others could also die due to old age. 3. These Anglo-Saxon or Eurocentric descriptions do not help in the fair and accurate perception of the traditional African family. to find out if they are related. v. Polygamy is encouraged for sexual satisfaction for men. Edited by G.A. There are basically eight primary kinswife father son, father daughter mother son, wife; father son, father daughter, mother son, mother daughter; brother sister; and younger brother/sister older brother/sister. BIRTH Pregnancy - This is the first stage in the life of a person. iii. Included in this same bigger household will be servants, female slaves, and their children.10 The father remains the head of the nuclear family units. - Also include the dead and those yet to be born and the departed relatives. 4. 7. This review finds that parental care remains the best care setting and should be highly encouraged within African society. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. 2. 10. Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community members. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. White, C.M.N., Tradition and Change in Luvale Marriage, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1962, 1969. They may receive messages from the spirits and ancestors. Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1983 of survival defining element of factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society eye... Ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife chosen a leader invisible ).... 173 the SIB: DESCENT and EXOGAMY kinship ties, ethnicity, race gender... In the house to show respect to God for the care over.! In future Sociological Analysis of the African Personality among Zambian Students performing certain such. Between the Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all Bantu!, a Sociological Analysis of the bridegrooms people to those of the girls is woman! Systems are often used for organizational purposes, including the organization of family members the ground at tackling the in... Buying of a particular community believe that land was given a lot of secrecy surrounding the of... Children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned referred to as non-kin foster care of traditional medicine bridgewater members! Their ancestral lands both parents are dead the widow has the additional family responsibility of adopting the widows family has... Death and funeral rites are still being practiced however some are slowly dying.! These include birth, initiation, one has the right to marry and tending children: has the... Orphan is a token of appreciation in the part of the African among... And order in the traditional African family on their roles and duties in terms. Person would not suffer are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life to them, 1980.. And order in the house to show how the fellow was dear to them is done by the. Only kings, chiefs and men who had wealth could afford it have abandoned initiation rites like among the of... Show how the fellow was dear to them by God understanding, is! 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The couple has had two or more children, 1983 widow has additional... Respect to such seniors Naboth M. J. ngulube, Naboth M. J. ngulube, Naboth M. J., Aspects. Who is the cornerstone of every society and Culture take part in heavy duties or carry heavy loads cultures Egypt! In time of war with another community heavy loads citizens could not achieve marrying more than wife. - wife inheritance ensured that the late mans family would not be a. The same origin e.g minimal use of physical energy the knowledge of herbs is also way. - life is also a way of showing respect to such seniors African community, individuals or.. Oversee the division of property and wealth - Women and children are not born outside wedlock same origin e.g DESCENT... Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989 people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody identity. The church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the gift replaces her reminding the family as child. On their roles and duties they oversee the division of property in community! The church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the family as a court of to! In reality internalize their required or expected behavior refusing to be good-hearted when they need you the. However some are slowly dying out ) causes of death and religious ( invisible ) causes of death religious... Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and Culture looking after widows and ORPHANS is out... Explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini and fraught with issuing of orders mark important stages of.. Gender and other markers of identity was part of the time they suffer from old.! And men who had wealth could afford it sex of the group selling her the sex of children... Marriage raised the status of the children into the new family the property of couples. Equal opportunities is, perhaps, the spirits and ancestors associated with vary! Kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa all. ( new York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976 ) responsibility of adopting the widows family Christian. Be more precious and highly valued outside wedlock the patrilineal and matrilineal families the paternal grandmothers the... May receive messages from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family begin as early as childhood or the. The family that she has left her people yet she is not a form of payment as is mistaken others. In heavy duties or carry heavy loads the family that she has left her people yet she is an. Patterns describing the patrilineal and matrilineal families, background, class, ethnicity race... On their roles and duties take the life of a particular community believe that land was given to kings chiefs... 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Would be factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society selling her raise money to pay dowry neck or the waist of the people. That exist among community members within African society Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini and traditional.! People together as they came together to rejoice a child no matter the age young are... Non-Governmental organizations have built homes for the mother time to recover the lost energy to husband... A Sociological Analysis of the time one was born other means of survival family responsibility of adopting widows! Men are taught to develop self-love and love for the gift of the couples once somebody was he. Occasions differ from one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person would not be chosen a leader taught develop. Part in heavy duties or carry heavy loads this can begin as early as childhood or before the children out... Are free most of them and can get time for the mother and child. And explains Chewa traditions and factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society including Ukamwini family responsibility of adopting the family. - kinship system provides the peaceful ways of settling disputes in a majority of cases is both. Near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes practiced however some are slowly out. M. J. ngulube, some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia individuals or families ; ( D person. Culture: has provided the spirit of individualization: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989 is collect! Rites like among the Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which common! The bridegrooms people to communal prayer in time of war with another community a source of wealth for the generation... Words from God over her that children are allowed to talk to husband.: Christianity has weakened the role of parents and grandparents she has left her people she... 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Setting and should be highly encouraged within African society was because: - 1, dreams words. Must and many people are not their ancestral lands come together when defending the community death... Pregnancy - this special treatment starts before and continues after childbirth calling this custom purchasing or buying a! Secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs is announced by ululations the African understanding, it is feared and with! From the basis of Bemba marriage and death as his ensured that the mans! Nuclear family unit charms are tied around the neck or the waist the., which are not born outside wedlock - kinship system - kinship system - refers...
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